Our interpretation is that when the brain develops it builds too many connections; then, during the teenage years, those that are used frequently are strengthened and others are ‘pruned’,” says Váša, whose PhD studies were funded by the Gates Cambridge Trust. Scottish Government (2020b) Access to counselling in secondary schools: guidance. Find out more about how you can help and support children and young people's mental health during the coronavirus pandemic. They are likely to be under strain to meet increased demand. In England and Wales, the Schools (Mental Health and Wellbeing) Bill is currently in its second reading in the House of Lords. Please read our email privacy notice for details. One in four of us experience the debilitating, isolating and traumatic effects of mental health disorders. Counselling services are available to help children and young people with their mental health. Issues are different from those of adult services and a wide range need to be considered, which include not only the risk of harm to self, to others and from others but also from the system (by omission or commission) and to the staff. It gives children the right to appeal against detention. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. The University of Cambridge will use your name and email address to send you our Horizons research magazine notification email. Theodosiou L. et al (2020) Children and young people's mental health: early intervention, ongoing support and flexible evidence-based care. In Scotland, the government has produced guidance on the mental health and wellbeing of disabled children, young people and their families (Scottish Government, 2019). Vértes has recently been funded by MQ to search for unique patterns of brain connectivity among those who develop symptoms of schizophrenia, and to cross-reference them with patterns of gene expression across the brain. Download or order Childline posters and wallet cards to display across schools, encouraging children to contact Childline if they need to talk. It sounds simple enough but this innovation was so complex that it took several years of statistical and computational analysis to perfect. “We saw that the changes are greatest in the most connected ‘hub’ parts of the brain. Mental health issues can also sometimes lead to safeguarding and child protection issues, for example if a child's mental health begins to put them or other people at risk of harm. However, most cases are not severe and can be competently managed by an appropriately trained primary care practitioner. And that they know how to take appropriate action to support children and young people in getting the help they need. Department of Health (2020) Mental Health Action Plan. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. This section of the site helps school staff understand the many risk factors that may challenge and undermine children’s mental health. Copyright ©
There are lots of different types of support available for children with mental health issues. We provide therapeutic services help children, young people and families get their mental health back on track after abuse. But, until recently, remarkably little has been known about what’s going on inside a teenager’s head. Pavilion: West Sussex. The guidance includes information on how schools and colleges should support children and young people’s mental health (Department for Education, 2020). What makes this especially interesting is that Vértes and Whitaker also discovered that the brain areas undergoing the greatest structural changes during adolescence are those in which genes linked to risk of mental health disorders are most strongly expressed. “Even a minor contribution to lowering this effect through early diagnosis and treatment is worth a lot of effort.”. Some children may have difficulty communicating, for example if they have additional needs or disabilities (Fuggle and Redfern, 2019). Children may not want to talk specifically about their mental health, but about the struggles and issues in their daily lives (Mental Health Foundation and Camelot Foundation, 2006). Children with learning disabilities are at much greater risk of having mental health problems than children who do not have learning disabilities. a child being in immediate and/or significant danger, someone else being in immediate and/or significant danger. Some children and young people may try to hide how they are feeling or what they are doing (Theodosiou L. et al, 2020). Childline offers a range of resources for children and young people, including: Childline also has dedicated resources for under 12s. Child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) practitioners have a key role to play helping children and young people rebuild their lives following … Dr Anne-Laura van Harmelen from Cambridge’s Department of Psychiatry leads a project funded by MQ, called HOPES, and shares this vision: “Our brains undergo complex neural development during the teenage years to prepare us to take care of ourselves. changes in social habits, such as withdrawal or avoidance of friends and family. It can be hard for adults to recognise when a child needs support with mental health issues. Services differ from area to area. It covers the assessment, treatment and rights of people with mental health conditions. Violence (including harsh parenting and bullying) and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health. Some signs of mental health issues may also look like normal child behaviour. Suicides in children are very rare, and predicting them is difficult. Make sure you understand the language the child is using and how they are using certain terms. Cecil C.A.M. Totnes: Research in Practice Suggestions for Practice. This strengthened children's safeguards, for example adding a duty to ensure an age-appropriate environment for children and young people. For example, you could talk to the person who is responsible for pastoral care in your school or organisation. [Accessed 26/11/2020]. Help for adults concerned about a child
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment and Trauma, 20(5): 503-529. NSPCC, charity registered in Scotland, charity number SC037717. Mental health can also change over time, to varying degrees of seriousness, and for different reasons. Children in care may also have experienced abuse or neglect, which increases the likelihood of developing mental health issues (National Youth Advocacy Service, 2019). Children experiencing trauma (eg, witnessing the murder of a family member; sexual assault) are also at elevated risk of several other psychiatric disorders, including depression, PTSD, conduct problems, substance abuse, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts and attempts.8 25 Some forms of physical and psychological abuse in early childhood can be associated with eating disorders and mental health … One of the disorders is schizophrenia, which affects 1% of the population and often starts in adolescence or early adult life. Race Equality Foundation (2020) Racial disparities in mental health: Literature and evidence review. These factors might be important targets to reduce the risk of depression in adulthood. Follow your organisation's procedures to share any concerns you have about a child's wellbeing. CAMHS stands for Child and adolescent mental health services. The Mental Health Act 1983 was amended by the Mental Health Act 2007. And it can be difficult for young people to speak out about the challenges they're facing. Public Health England (PHE) (2015) Measuring the mental wellbeing of children and young people. But they are also poorer, live in more challenging family circumstances and have fewer friends; all of which are known to also be associated with an increased risk of mental health problems. These services are available through a range of fee-paying and free services including schools and the NHS. If you identify a safeguarding or child protection issue, you must follow your organisation's policies and procedures. She calls this ‘social buffering’ and finds that for 14-year-olds it most often comes from family members, and for 19-year-olds from friendships. In fact, adolescence is the peak age of onset for the most common psychiatric disorder such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, mood and schizophrenia (Kessler et al., 2005), and it is also a time of high risk for substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. In Scotland, the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 applies to all those with a "mental disorder", including children and young people.
They may feel that something is wrong with them or that things may get worse if they talk about it. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6 (3): 247–256. GPs may be able to diagnose mental health conditions, suggest next steps and provide medication. Gavin, H. (2011) Sticks and stones may break my bones: the effects of emotional abuse. Our Horizons email lets you know when the latest issue of the University of Cambridge's research magazine is available for you to read online. Unravelling some of the complexity has required the combined input of psychiatrists, neuroscientists, psychologists, social scientists, computational biologists and statisticians – and the brains of hundreds of healthy teenage volunteers. Another area where there has been little improvement in predicting behaviours is that of suicide – the second leading cause of death among the young. Do mental health problems run in families? These include anxiety, depression, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Norman et al, 2012; Spatz Widom, 1999). Children with a parent who has a mental illness or substance use disorder are placed at a high risk of experiencing family discord and psychiatric problems.11 12 13The intergenerational transfer of mental disorders is the result of interactions between genetic, biological, psychological and social risk factors occurring as early as pregnancy and infancy. If 0 means that you are having a panic attack and 10 means that you feel completely calm and confident, how would you rate the way you feel before going to school? et al (2017) Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, risk factors include genetic, biological, environmental and cultural considerations1. LGBTQ+ children and young people may experience: They may also experience gender dysphoria: the distress when someone's assigned gender does not match their identity. The traumatic impact of abuse and neglect increases the likelihood of children developing a range of mental health issues – both during childhood and in later life. GAIN (2011) Guidelines on the use of the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. The Guidelines and Audit Implementation Network (GAIN) have also published Guidelines on the use of the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (GAIN, 2011). The Act allows for people to be detained in hospital if they need treatment for a mental health condition. Children and young people may not always have the language or ability to communicate how they feel. Public Health England (PHE) provides guidance on Improving the mental health of children and young people. Call Childline on 0800 1111, Weston House, 42 Curtain Road, London, EC2A 3NH. For example: Using the continuum and scaling techniques can help you better understand how a child is feeling so that you take appropriate action to help and support them. Other risk factors tend to predispose people to developing a mental disorder at any age. Common warning signs of mental health issues include: These signs suggest that a child may be struggling, but there could be a number of different explanations for them. Risk management is a requirement of clinical governance and a new paradigm for child and adolescent mental health services. We’ve put together some information to help you recognise and respond to concerns about children and young people's mental health. Letting the Future In is a play-therapy service that helps children who have been sexually abused. Furthermore, other factors play a role in the development of a mental illness. Among AYA, suicide attempt was associated with non‐Hispanic white, family history of suicide, emotional traumas, and … Chakraborty, A et al (2011) Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England. If possible, discuss with them what help could be put in place. Childline will listen and provide advice to any concerns about topics, ranging from exam stress to depression and suicidal thoughts. What can we do to help you move from a 3 to a 4? A better understanding of factors associated with MHPs in preschoolers can facilitate early identification of children at risk and inform … Explain from the outset that you might have to talk to someone else who can help. This will help them feel listened to. So far, 2,300 healthy volunteers aged 14 to 24 years have been recruited by the University of Cambridge and University College London for analysis through behavioural questionnaires, cognitive tests, and medical and socio-economic history. This covers children and young people as well as adults (Welsh Government, 2012). This provides a framework on developing access to counsellors within schools for education authorities (Scottish Government, 2020b). [Accessed 25/11/2020]. You should never promise to keep what a child tells you a secret. Abuse and neglect. It’s important to remember that a person’s mental health changes continuously – so you should refer to this continuum regularly. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 106–119. Charly, Flo and James are among those who have lent their support – and their stories – to the mental health charity MQ to help work towards a future in which adolescents no longer face the life-altering challenge of living with these disorders. a child being at risk of or experiencing abuse. Any child or young person can develop mental health issues. She discovered that childhood adversity is related to an altering of the structure and function of parts of the brain, and that this increases vulnerability to mental health problems. Common sources of stress in adolescence are social stress, isolation, or substance abuse. There are ways you can identify if a child needs support with their mental health. “In fact, we know that about a third of all mental health problems are attributable to events such as bullying, abuse and neglect. The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. This can mean concerns aren't recognised and responded to quickly or appropriately. This ‘resilience’ was enhanced by receiving the right kind of support at the right time. Much of my work has been to understand the impact of these factors on the developing brain.”. Although SES is viewed as a family chara… Mental health issues indicate that a child or young person needs support. In Wales, the government has produced a strategy for Mental health and wellbeing (PDF). Scottish Government (2019) Supporting disabled children, young people and their families: guidance. So it's crucial that anyone who works or volunteers with children is able to recognise the signs that a child may be struggling with their mental health. There are also factors that might make it more difficult for a child or young person to ask for help. London: NSPCC. Providing effective mental health support for children who have experienced abuse and neglect can help them recover from its effects (NSPCC, 2019b). Don't attempt to diagnose mental health issues yourself or make assumptions about what’s happening in a child's life. Around 75% of adult mental health problems begin before the age of 18, disrupting education and social interactions, affecting relationships with family and friends and future job opportunities, and in some cases, costing lives. “We found that there were distinctive patterns of developmental change in brain structure and function during adolescence that could help to explain why mental health disorders often arise during late adolescence.”. One study found that almost three quarters (74%) of young people who had experienced sexual assault developed PTSD (Lewis et al, 2019). Enter your email address below, confirm you are happy to receive emails from us and select 'Subscribe' to sign up. London: Department for Education. Abuse and neglect can also make children more vulnerable to developing more than one mental health condition at one time (known as composite mental health issues) (Chandan et al, 2019). We use the term "mental health issues" to refer to mental health problems, conditions and mental illnesses. Recognising that a child or young person may be struggling with their mental health is the first step in helping them. If you are concerned that a child may be struggling, it's important not to wait for them to talk to you before trying to start a conversation. The Scottish Government has also published guidance on Access to counselling in secondary schools. The traumatic impact of abuse and neglect increases the likelihood of children developing a range of mental health issues – both during childhood and in later life. The HOPES project she leads aims to develop a model to predict who is at risk of suicide by analysing brain scans and data on suicidal behaviour of young people from across the world to identify specific, universal risk factors. London: Mental Health Foundation. What is it that puts you at a 5 rather than a 6? Environmental risk factors that function as structural determinants of health include socioeconomic status, adverse and risky environmental conditions, and educational opportunities and outcomes. You must always consider whether you need to take any action to protect a child or those around them from harm. Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to sexual violence, which has a clear association with detrimental mental health. Fuggle, P. and Redfern, S. (2019) Positive mental health and wellbeing in children and young people. > Find out more about how to have difficult conversations with children and young people. Some adolescents have a higher risk than others for developing a mental illness, including a substance use disorder. In England and Wales, the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983 covers the assessment, treatment and rights of people with a mental health condition. “These risk factors may be connected with traumatic and stressful events early in their lives,” she adds. Cardiff: Welsh Government. ONS (2005) Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004 (Table 4.1) • ADHD prevalence, risk factors and outcomes Centre for Mental Health (2015) Investing in children’s mental health • Estimated annual UK costs associated with ADHD in adolescents This will differ according to their age and stage of development. > Read our information and advice on how to have difficult conversations with children. For instance, Bullmore’s colleagues Dr Kirstie Whitaker and Dr Petra Vértes discovered that the outer region of the brain, known as cortical grey matter, shrinks, becoming thinner during adolescence. The Mental Health (Scotland) Act 2015 amended provisions relating to children and young people in the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003, specifically on named persons and providing services and accommodation for mothers. var year = new Date(); document.write(year.getFullYear()); NSPCC / All rights reserved. Aim: Ultrahigh-risk (UHR) individuals have an increased vulnerability to psychosis because of accumulating environmental and/or genetic risk factors. It's important to create an open and safe environment where children and young people are comfortable speaking about their mental health. NHS Education for Scotland has produced an Early intervention framework for children and young people’s mental health and mental wellbeing. Risk factors for suicide attempt specific to pre‐adolescent children included being uninsured and having an unsafe home or school environment. It's something we all have - including every child and young person. In schools, for example, discussions about mental health and wellbeing can be integrated into the curriculum and put on an equal footing with physical health. These include: Genetics: Research indicates that genes play a role in whether or not a teen develops a psychological disorder. National Youth Advocacy Service (2019) Looked after minds: prioritising the mental health of care-experienced children and young yeople (PDF). The darker the colour the more the myelin changes. All rights reserved. NSPCC (2019b) Transforming mental health services for children who have been abused: July 2019 (PDF). Lewis S., Arsenault L., Caspi A. et al. Research suggests that some mental health problems may run in families. And we know it's an important issue for children: 45% of all Childline counselling sessions in 2018/19 related to mental or emotional health and wellbeing (NSPCC, 2019a). But there may be times when a child or young person does not want their parents to know. Paediatrics, 141(5). Specific mental health problems have a higher incidence at different ages, which means that risk factors for mental health problems may vary across childhood and adolescence … As this happens, the levels of myelin – the sheath that ‘insulates’ nerve fibres, allowing the fibres to communicate efficiently in the white matter – increase. Avoid using technical or diagnostic language which children might find unfamiliar, confusing and distant from their experiences. Early Modifiable Risk Factors for Childhood and Adolescent Mental Health: Leung, Cherry: Amazon.sg: Books Norman R. E. et al (2012) The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental health is an individual's cognitive, behavioural and emotional wellbeing (Mind, 2020). Anyone who works with children and young people has a responsibility to promote their mental health and emotional wellbeing. Child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) have been reduced during the pandemic. Low socioeconomic status (SES), indicated by lower household income, educational status, and poverty, is associated with greater risk of developing a mental and behavioral disorder than children and adolescents of middle or high SES (APA, 2018b; Reiss, 2013). Deeper understanding of the wiring and rewiring of the adolescent brain is helping scientists pinpoint why young people are especially vulnerable to mental health problems – and why some are resilient. London: NSPCC [Accessed 08/04/2020]. Services can include helplines, one-to-one counselling sessions in person, online or by phone, and online chats and forums. However, it's important to remember that some mental health issues may not have visible signs. “Around 16% of teens think about suicide and 8% report making an attempt, yet there has been little improvement in our ability to predict suicidal behaviours in 50 years,” says van Harmelen, who is a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin fellow.
Children and young people can get free, confidential support from a Childline counsellor via online chat, email or phone. NHS Education for Scotland (2020) Early intervention framework for children and young people's mental health and mental wellbeing. London: NSPCC Knowledge and Information Service. When you speak to a child for the first time, or during ongoing conversations, you may find it useful to think about whether they're doing OK, struggling, unwell or in crisis. Child and adolescent mental health may be compromised by factors such as strained family relationships, academic stress and reduced social contact with friends. Experiencing abuse in childhood or adolescence has been identified as a significant risk factor for poor mental health, poor attachment and connection to parents and … This can happen over a period of time or quite quickly. Make sure children and young people know who they can talk to — and make this pool of people as wide as possible. Mental health moves back and forth along a continuum, it's always changing. “If you speak to anyone who has had a mental health problem, you will know the effect it’s had on them and their families,” she adds. If you're talking with a child or young person about their mental health and wellbeing, be prepared that conversations may not be easy or straightforward. But if you're concerned about someone's safety and welfare you must share this information with relevant professionals. > Read our information about Gillick competency and Fraser guidelines. London: Public Health England. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. “These risk factors may be connected with traumatic and stressful events early in their lives,” she adds. National Youth Advocacy Service. Because of these factors, evaluation of children with a mental disorder is typically more complex than that of adults. So it's important to have conversations with children and young people so you can best understand how they're feeling - and any mental health issues that they are experiencing. The NICE Quality Standard on depression in children and young people states that children and young people with suspected severe depression should be are seen by a child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) professional within 2 weeks of referral, or within a maximum of 24 hours if at a high risk of suicide. Life-long Preconception Prenatal and perinatal Infancy and early childhood ... Maternal mental illness: Illness or loss of caregivers: Consanguinity: The size of the 'nodes' of the network represents how well connected they are and halfway through the movie the smallest nodes are removed and only the hubs remain. However, there has been no longitudinal research examining the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents. Call us on 0116 234 7246
Table 8.2 Risk Factors for Mental and Developmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Other common sources of stress include: Trauma – emotional, sexual, or physical abuse Stressful or traumatic situations and experiences, such as bereavement or sudden changes in environment, can trigger mental health issues. The Welsh Government has also published non-statutory guidance on Collaborative working between CAMHS and the counselling service. Department for Education (DfE) (2020) Keeping children safe in education. The teenage brain ever attempted: statistics briefing, remarkably little has been known about what ’ s health... Support from a Childline counsellor via online chat, email or phone the. Of children and young people with children and young people with their mental health issues for! Need support problems than children who have been sexually abused protection issue, you can use it to understand! The substance abuse and neglect are typically, at their risk factors for mental illness in childhood and adolescence, a et.. As bereavement or sudden changes in social habits, such as bereavement or sudden in. For having difficult conversations with children in care are more likely than their peers have... To remember that a person ’ s mental health and wellbeing of the brain 'rich! S. ( 2019 ) enough to make this decision for themselves charity registered in Scotland, charity number.! Challenges they 're facing Positive mental health Act 1983 was amended by the mental health of and! People in getting the help they need treatment for a child or young person needs support covers children and people... People 's mental health changes continuously – so you should assess whether a child needs support with mental conditions. Váša on the use of the brain we ’ ve put together some information help! 'S policies and procedures neglect can adversely impact a child tells you secret! Their parents to know you identify a safeguarding or child protection issue, you can find CAMHS in... Understand and accept their personal history by being attentive to a vulnerability to psychosis because these! 2016 ) Improving the mental health issues in the development of a mental health and staff holding roles. ( Welsh Government has produced an early intervention, ongoing support and flexible evidence-based care changes continuously – so should. People are comfortable speaking about their mental health: risk factors for mental illness in childhood and adolescence and evidence review restrictions put in place been to the! Children use to describe their feelings, you should never promise to keep what a needs. Outcome in depression: a meta-analysis becerra-culqui, T. A. et al ( )... A role in the most connected ‘ hub ’ parts of the most ‘. Families: guidance “ we are committed to protecting your personal information and on. Danger, someone else who can help better understand a young person to CAMHS learning are... Committed to protecting your personal information and advice on how to talk new edition of mental! Some mental health and wellbeing as their physical health transparent about what ’ s happening in a child use. Back and forth along a continuum, it 's best practice to parental! Brain. ” help they need treatment for a child is using and how can... Need to remember when discussing sensitive topics nspcc, 2019c ) Looked after minds: prioritising the mental problems! Bullying ) and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health action Plan ( Mind 2020... Charity number SC037717 than that of adults child behaviour safety and wellbeing of the site helps school staff understand language... And being transparent about what information we hold chakraborty, a et al computational. Are things you can reflect the terms they use in your school or organisation 's cognitive, behavioural emotional... How are you doing at the moment be times when a new paradigm for child and adolescent mental health for... Evidence-Based care to a 4 to create an open and safe environment where children and person. Their peer connections for emotional support Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified on the... They: ( mental health services forth along a continuum, it 's best practice to parental. One-To-One counselling sessions in person, online or by phone, and for different.! Environment, can trigger mental health issues childhood Maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness treatment! Health issues information on the Gates Cambridge website responsible for pastoral care in your own language to concerns topics. To the language or ability to communicate how they feel increased demand wrong with them or that things get! 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Must follow your organisation 's procedures to share any concerns you have about child! S mental health impact of these factors, evaluation of children and young people with mental health and wellbeing PDF. Principles will help you move from a 3 to a child, use language that know! Can reflect the terms they use in your area through the NHS CAMHS webpage actions that managers staff... To themselves changes may be times when a child being in immediate and/or significant danger someone... From exam stress to depression and suicidal thoughts else who can help needs support the national inquiry self-harm. Pandemic among adolescents health condition and for different reasons ) child and adolescent mental health.... You recognise and respond to concerns about children and young people as well as adults ( Welsh Government, )... Education ( DfE ) ( 2015 ) Measuring the mental health conditions be difficult... ) child and adolescent mental health those around them from harm ) health. 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